4. Sources of Revenue Earnings
There are two major sources for government revenue-earning:
1. Tax Revenues (TR)
2. Non-tax Revenues (NTR)
All revenue earning by the DoF is Non-tax Revenues. During last
five years, non-tax revenue earned by the DoF is shown in Table
Table: Nontax revenue earned in the last five years
Almost all farmed
produced shrimps are exported as processed frozen seafood and are the second-largest export item in Bangladesh. The contribution of fisheries sub-sector to
the total export earnings during 2010-11 was 2.73%. Presently 82 processing
plants are in operation, all are HACCP certified and licensed by DoF for export
of fish and fish products to European Union (EU), USA, Japan, Russia, Korea,
China and India. In order to find out new market destination, Ministry of
Fisheries and Livestock have already sent a proposal
to sign MoU with five East- European Nations for exporting fishery products. As a consequence of repeated Rapid Alert System of Food and Feed (RASFF) against
Bangladeshi freshwater prawn being contamination with Nitrofuran metabolites
especially Semicarbazide (SEM) in May 2009. Bangladesh Government had been
imposed a six-month voluntary ban on the export of freshwater prawn to the EU market.
The number of RASFF was increased in 2009 because of adopting faulty protocol
by Belgian testing laboratory. The Belgian laboratory started testing shrimp
with tail and exoskeleton instead of flesh. Under these circumstances,
Bangladesh along with donors and private initiatives undertook several measures
to identify sources of Nitrofuran contamination. As well as the country has been
engaged in an international residue expert to research the issue.
Finally the fact was
identified that live crustaceans are able to synthesize SEM naturally and
accumulate it in their shell and tail. In order to check the quality of exported
shrimp the EU authority has imposed a 20% mandatory testing requirement at border
entry of European countries. MoFL along with DoF took serious measures to
rectify the controlling measures, legal provisions as well as monitoring
measures of food contamination. As a result, the EU authority has lifted the 20% mandatory testing requirement of exported products at the EU border and it is
notable that this mandatory requirement still prevails in some large shrimp
exporting countries. Fish is exported to foreign countries,
other than India, through Chittagong and Mongla Ports. Of late, some fish and
shrimp are also being air-freighted to the Middle –East, and U.K. from Dacca. Until
recently, fish used to be exported to India from many different centers. It has
now been decided that the BFDC will control all fish export to India through
five selected points viz., Barisal, Khulna, Sylhet, Narayanganj, and Fardipur.
2.1. Equipment
import
The
major imports of equipment since 1972 consist of trawlers (from USSR, UK,
Denmark), marine engines (from USSR, Denmark, Japan, Sweden, Norway, Germany),
Synthetic twine and ropes (from USSR, Denmark, Japan, Norway), boat-building
timber (from India), refrigeration complexes (from Japan, Denmark), ice plants
(from Denmark, Norway, Rumania), a fishmeal plant and a shark liver oil plant
(from Denmark), a fully equipped inland fishery research vessel (from Denmark),
refrigerated and insulated lorries (from Rumania, Japan) and training equipment
for marine fishing (from USSR).
3.
Fish and
Shrimp Culture
3.1.
Fish
Culture
3.1.1. Pond aquaculture
Currently pond
aquaculture has been practiced in a total area of about 3.5 lakh ha which is
7.4 % of total inland water. Pond aquaculture is producing about 1199866 mt
fish which contributing 47.70% of total inland production in 2010-11. The pond
production involves composite culture produces an average 3430 kg/ha whereas
there are records of 63 mt/ha production of pangas under intensive farming in
Mymensingh region.
3.1.2.
Fish culture in paddy field
Paddy fields and seasonal floodplains are promising and potential
resources for aquaculture. It has been estimated that paddy fields cover an
area of about 80 lakh ha of which 28.34 lakh ha floodplains which remain 4-5
months under water.
3.1.3. Fish culture in borrow-pit and khal
Different types of waterbodies improved under Integrated
Fisheries and Livestock Development Project in Flood Control, Drainage and
Irrigation (FCDI) Project area and other waterbodies also included in the
aquaculture systems.
3.1.4. Fish culture in
baor (Ox-bow lake):
A total of about 600
baors having an area of 5,488 ha are situated in the south west part of the
country. Different development projects have been implementing to increase the
fish production from baor. The total water area of baors have been developed and
brought under improved aquaculture through fingerling stocking and management
practices. Six baors of Jessore district were under disposal of DoF till
Feb/2009 and now these baors are under disposal of Department of Fisheries
according to the MoU signed between Ministry of Land and Ministry of Livestock
and Fisheries for next 6 years. Besides this, 30 baors are managing by OLP-2
project of DoF with the financial support of IFAD. These baors covered area of
1137 ha and fish production has increased from 80 kg to 750 kg/ha (DoF 2008).
Local fisher communities are being involved in the baor management and improved
their livelihood.
3.1.5.
Cage culture
Cage aquaculture has been
identified as a means of livelihoods for landless people. Northwest Fisheries
Extension Project (NFEP) in Parbatipur, Dinajpur and Patuakhali Barguna
Aquaculture Extension Project (PBAEP) demonstrated cage aquaculture as pilot
basis. The production achieved through cage culture was encouraging and
satisfactory but the activities were discontinued due to socio-economic
condition of the farmers and some constrains. Cage culture of monosex tilapia
is being practiced in Chandpur, Laxmipur Faridpur, Barishal, Mymensingh, Dhaka,
Munsigonj, Gopalganj and other regions of Bangladesh. In 2011, about 6750 MT
fish produced from 6000 cages.
3.1.6.
Pen
culture
Pen culture is also one of the potential means
of producing fish from vast water body or water channel. In recent years, pens
are made with different materials like bamboo, net, iron-meshed, wooden pillar
etc. The area of pen also varies in size from half to few ha. The fish species
reared in the pen are carp, tilapia, pangas etc.
3.1.7.
Integrated fish farming:
The integration of aquaculture with
duck and chicken production was begun experimentally at the BFRI, Mymensingh
producing some promising results. The project demonstrated that 500 khaki
Campbell ducks can be profitably raised on a 1 ha carp pond while also
producing 4.5 tonnes/ha of fish without any additional need for supplementary
feed or fertiliser for the fish. The most promising integrated farming in
Bangladesh however, is rice fish culture, Ameen (1987) reported on the
technique from many parts of Bangladesh. Traditionally one or more sump pond(s)
are constructed at the lowest corner of the paddy field where fish accumulate
as the water level reduces, thus fish are harvested from the sump without any
additional stocking or management practices being required.
6.2.1.
Shrimp Culture:
The major shrimp producing districts
are Bagerhat, Satkhira, Pirojpur, Khulan, Cox's Bazar and Chittagong, recently
farmers especially in the Bagerhat and Pirojpur districts have begun shrimp
farming in their paddy fields. Traditionally shrimp farming began by trapping
tidal waters in nearby coastal enclosures known as 'gher' where no feed,
fertilisers or other inputs were applied, with an increasing demand from both
national and international markets farmers started to switch over into improved
extensive and semi-intensive systems.
With
the expansion of aquaculture, environmental degradation, biodiversity and the
control of the outbreak of disease especially in the coastal farming operations
have become the major issues. Shrimp post larvae (PL) collectors are estimated
to destroy nearly 100 other species of flora and fauna while collecting post
larvae of Penaeus monodon , moreover, the destruction of mangrove forest for
coastal shrimp culture and the introduction of viral diseases in semi-intensive
farms has also become serious issues for concern. For inland aquaculture,
habitat destruction, the use of insecticides and the introduction of diseases
like epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) have also become important issues. There
are two types of cultue
1.
Shrimp
(Bagda) Culture
2.
Shrimp
(Golda) Culture
Shrimp farming and production:
Prawn(golda) farming and production:
Several
organizations are involved in fishery development. Thus the fishery
administration and management in Bangladesh is characterized by multiple
controls. The main administrative body was however, the Forest Fisheries and
Livestock Division of the Ministry of agriculture until June 1977 when the
Government by issuing a notification had transferred "Marine Fishery,
Fishing and Fisheries beyond territorial waters (including deep sea fishing),
Fish Harbours, Fish Quality Testing Laboratories at Chittagong and Khulna and
other ancillary organizations" from the Ministry of Agriculture to the
Ministry of Commerce. However, since December 1977, the Government has again
reconsolidated both marine and inland fisheries in a newly established Ministry
of Fisheries and Livestock. This action augurs well for the future of
fisheries. The recent moves are also most commendable evidence of the
recognition on the part of a forward-looking Government of the great importance
of the living aquatic resources for the future of Bangladesh. The chief public
sector agencies involved in the implementation of fishery development
activities are Directorate of Fisheries and Bangladesh Development Corporation
(BFDC). Other departments and agencies of public and cooperative sectors involved
one way or the other in fisheries activities are (a) Directorate of
Cooperatives (b) Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), (c) Ministry of
Land Administration and Land Reform (d) Ministry of Local Government, Rural
Development and Cooperatives (e) Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries
Corporation (BSFIC), (f) Bangladesh Jatiya Matshyajibi Samabaya Samity (BJMSS),
(g) Planning Commission and certain (h) Universities. A few voluntary
organizations are also directly involved in fishery development
5.
FISH PROCESSING CENTRE
i. BFDC
ii. BSFIC
iii. BJMSS
vi. Private
entrepreneurs
i.
BFDC :
Fish
processing facilities of the BFDC are located at Cox's Bazar, Chittagong and
Mongla. The fish processing complex at Cox's Bazar is located on a 4 - hectare
plot on the Baghkhali river about three and-a-half miles upstream from the
mouth of the river, and about 3 miles upstream from the BFDC Wholesale Fish
Market. The processing complex which has been in operation since 1966-67
includes crude facilities for manufacturing fishmeal and sharkliver oil. There
is also a modern drying kiln at Cox's Bazar. Al the Chittagong Fish Harbour,
small-scale canning facilities, a modern sharkliver oil plant, a fishmeal plant
and a freezing plant are available under the scheme "Fish and by-products
processing units at Chittagong". The canning machineries were received
from Japan through UNDP source back in 1968. The sharkliver oil plant and the fishmeal
plant have been procured through DANIDA and installed in 1976-77. The freezing
plant is of Japanese origin but donated by the USSR Government. The plant was
installed at the end of 1977. At Mongla in Khulna, a refrigeration complex of
Danish orgin is being installed on a 13.4 hectare plot of land acquired on the
left bank of the Pussur river in the port area. The installation work cannot
perhaps be completed before the end of 1978. In addition to providing ice and
cold storage facilities to the fishermen of Sundarbans area, this complex will
process shrimp and fish and export them in frozen condition.
There
are two factories at Khulna, namely, Bangladesh Cold Storage, and Fish Export
Limited, and three at Chittagong, namely, Bay Fishing Limited, Amin Agency, and
Eastern Fisheries Limited, engaged in processing (dressing, packaging and
freezing) shrimp, fish and frogles. These are hundred percent export-oriented
industries, and the factories export all of their products in frozen condition.
iii.
BJMSS
The
Bangladesh Jatiya Motshyajibi Samabaya Samity has dressing, packaging and
freezing facilities at Chittagong. The BJMSS's processing facilities are also
hundred percent export-oriented.
iv.
Private entrepreneurs
There
are two factories, namely, Eastern Sea Food Ltd., and Labonchora Fish
Processing Factory in Khulna and three factories namely, Frozen Food, Banglaesh
Food, and Choudhury & Co. in Chittagong. Like the BSFIC and BJMSS, the
private fish processing factories are also entirely export oriented and have
dressing, packaging and freezing facilities. Fish processing in the small-scale
fishery sector includes sun-drying, salting and smoking. Although no correct
statistics are available, large volumes of fish and shrimp are sun-dried in a
crude way by the small fishermen. In Dubla Island (Khulna) alone, about 3,000
tons (dry weight) of dry fish including 60 tons of dry shrimp are produced
annually.
9. The institutional framework:
|
The
following institutional bodies are involved in aquaculture and fisheries in
Bangladesh:
- Department
of Fisheries (DoF) under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL) is
the sole authority with administrative control over aquaculture in
Bangladesh. The DoF is managed by a Director General and has two main
sub-departments namely, inland and marine. The main responsibilities held
by the DoF include planning, development, extension and training, DoF has
six divisional offices, 64 district offices and 497 upazilla
(sub-districts) offices and in addition it has 118 hatcheries and four
training centers (Mazid, 2002).
- Bangladesh
Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) conducts and coordinates research and
to some extent training.
- Bangladesh
Rural Development Board is responsible for the fisheries component of
integrated rural development.
- Land
Administration and Land Reform Division is responsible for the leasing of
public water bodies.
- Export
Promotion Bureau is responsible for export of fisheries products, along
with the Bangladesh Frozen Foods Exporters Association which is also
involved in the export of frozen shrimp, fish and fish products.
- The
country's universities are responsible for higher level fisheries
education.
- External
Resource Division under the Ministry of Finance is responsible for
external aid for aquaculture development.
- Bangladesh
Krishi (Agriculture) Bank, Bangladesh Samabay (Co-operative) Bank and some
other commercial banks are responsible for issuing credit to the
aquaculture sector.
- Many
of the national and international NGO's provides credits to the fish
farmers and as well as takes up projects for aquaculture extension and
development.
- International
organizations (DFID, Danida, NORAD, JICA, World Bank, IMF, ADB etc.)
provide grants and credits for aquaculture development.
- Youth
Development Training Centers, under the Ministry of Youth, deals with extension
and the training of unemployed young people and fish farmers.
10. Applied research, education and
training:
Experts from the DoF, BFRI, universities and
NGOs develop research ideas and agree priorities through detailed discussion in
workshops, the selected research topics are then sent to the MoFL for approval
and execution. The main task of conducting applied and adaptive research has
been bestowed upon the BFRI although universities are also involved. The
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC) is the national body for
coordinating, monitoring and evaluating all aquaculture research, in addition
international organisations such as CIRDAP, FAO, DFID, Danida, World Bank,
CIDA, IDRC and World Fish Center are also involved in action oriented research
programs related to aquaculture in Bangladesh.
Formal
fisheries education and research first began at the Faculty of Fisheries,
Bangladesh Agricultural University in Mymensingh in 1967, the faculty offers
B.Sc. Fisheries (eight semesters), M.Sc. (three semesters) and Ph.D. degrees in
various specialised areas of fisheries and aquaculture. Later, the Institute of
Marine Science was established at Chittagong University in 1973, followed by
the Fisheries and Marine Science discipline in Khulna University in 1991, the
Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries at Dhaka University in 1998 and the
Department of Aquaculture at Rajshahi University in 2000 for fisheries
education and research. The Zoology departments at the above and other
universities also offer subjects related to aquaculture and fisheries.
The Bangladesh Agricultural University offers training to the Government and NGO fisheries officers through its Graduate Training Institute, other institutes offering fisheries education and training are the Marine Fisheries Academy, Chittagong which offers 1–2 year diploma courses, the Fisheries Training Academy at Savar, Dhaka, the Fisheries Training Institute, Chandpur, offers 1–3 months training. The Fish Hatchery and Training Center, Raipur, the Fisheries Training Center, Faridpur and Vocational Youth Training Centers provide diploma certificates.
The Bangladesh Agricultural University offers training to the Government and NGO fisheries officers through its Graduate Training Institute, other institutes offering fisheries education and training are the Marine Fisheries Academy, Chittagong which offers 1–2 year diploma courses, the Fisheries Training Academy at Savar, Dhaka, the Fisheries Training Institute, Chandpur, offers 1–3 months training. The Fish Hatchery and Training Center, Raipur, the Fisheries Training Center, Faridpur and Vocational Youth Training Centers provide diploma certificates.
Trends, issues and development.
11. Recommendation:
|
The following issues require to be
addressed in future:
- To
bring all available water bodies under modern fish culture regimes.
- To
generate increased employment opportunities in fisheries and allied
industries.
- To
conserve fisheries resources and species biodiversity.
- To
develop fish landing and marketing systems.
- To
establish institutional frameworks to ensure research findings are made
available to the relevant people.
- To
provide an adequate provision of financial assistance to fish and shrimp
farmers.
- To
increase and sustain fish production for both domestic consumption and
export.
